ohaple
Arachnopeon
- Joined
- Mar 21, 2019
- Messages
- 10
I began this thread over on mantidforum.net where I am more active, but learned that forum has almost no activity related to other inverts so I am going to post updates here. This is a long one, but hopefully will be helpful to those of you keeping isopods. I appreciate feedback, ideas, and discussion.
______________________________________________
I have recently decided to start an isopod breeding project. While I quite enjoy keeping mantises, I am not terribly interested in their breeding. Other invertebrates are much easier to breed since they are kept as a culture rather than individuals. Species that breed and live more quickly and have higher brood sizes are easier to conduct breeding projects on. Isopods are great because many types are polymorphic, most are easy to breed, and they take minimal maintenance. I am particularly fond of armadillidium vulgare since they are widespread, critical to many ecosystems, reasonably large, and can volvate (roll into a ball). My breeding project will seek to isolate a morph of A. vulgare starting with wild specimens from the Colorado front range. I am going to choose the morph based on what I can find locally.
Prior to starting the breeding project I am interested to run some tests to determine the preferred conditions for A. vulgare. Those tests are what this thread is about.
Special thanks to Orin McMonigle for writing the wonderful Isopods in Captivity book, and to other scholars like Isabel Caseiro, J.P. Sousa, and S. Santos (Optimization of Culture Conditions of Porcellio dilatatus for Laboratory Test Development, 1999) who have worked on studies that I have reviewed to help me figure out what I want to do. I will do my best to cite where possible. I intend for this to be a pseudo-scientific test; not up to true scientific standards, but following basic requirements like controlling other variables and ensuring the results are statistically significant. I understand there may be a significant difference between the conditions A. vulgare prefer, and the conditions under which they breed best/fastest, but I will only be testing for preference here. I will seek to conduct the test in an ethical fashion by not testing conditions that are known to damage isopods.
Anyone with knowledge, corrections, links to existing studies, or suggestions, please chime in.
To conduct the study I will be using a choice chamber. Choice chamber experiments are generally conducted by placing specimens into a container with multiple chambers. Each chamber has different conditions. After a period of time, the specimens are counted in each chamber, and a chi-squared analysis is conducted to determine whether the results are statistically significant. For instance, if you place 10 specimens in a two-chamber choice chamber apparatus and each chamber has 5 specimens after a period of time, that would not be statistically significant because we would expect such a result by chance. If you found 10 in one side and 0 in the other, that would be statistically significant. If the results are statistically significant, the isopods prefer the condition where more of them appear. If not, they don't have a strong preference either way. The bigger the sample, the more granular and accurate the results will be.
To conduct the test I have designed a modular choice chamber. It is a 10x10x2.5" box ismade of white opaque acrylic. The modular dividers allow the box to be divided into 2 connected chambers, 4 connected chambers, or two pair of connected chambers. When I transition the project to breeding, The dividers can separate the box into non-connected chambers as well by inverting them. The lid is made from clear acrylic with narrow vents cut into the lid to allow some ventilation without excessive moisture loss (and hopefully no gnats). Each corner of the lid is labeled with a laser-engraved letter to allow me to easily keep track of each over time. Here are photos of the apparatus:
2
The variable I am interested most in testing is food.
I plan to test dried shrimp, Hikari crab cuisine, Shrimp King Complete, Shrimp King Yummy Gum, Snowflake (a common shrimp food made from soybean shells), dried leaves, dried mealworms, cofee grounds, a molt from a mantis, roach frass, mushrooms, potato, carrot, and other veggies.
Next step is to obtain the specimens.
___________________________________________
(In response to a question by Orin McMonigle regarding whether I would use cooked or fresh veggies, and whether I have considered lichen)
I was intending to use blanched vegetables for things that spoil more easily and raw for root vegetables. Blanching is nice for a few reasons. First, it allows things like zucchini to last longer so that spoiling and nutrient loss is held off for a while longer in the enclosure. Second, while blanching removes some nutrition value it also helps stored vegetables to keep their nutrients longer, which is important for convenience since a whole zucchini can be cut, blanched, dried, and refrigerated or frozen for storage. Third, it allows those vegetables to sink in water. This is important for feeding aquatic snails and shrimp, which we also keep.
I also was planning to avoid vegetables like spinach that are known to bind calcium with oxalates. Calcium is important for most inverts and I do not want to bind calcium and potentially cause failed molts. I have read some on how isopods are unique in their storage and utilization of calcium in highly soluble stores, but I must admit those journal articles are mostly over my head. (see. Microscopical and functional aspects of calcium-transport and deposition in terrestrial isopods). This method of calcium storage may prevent binding from oxalates but since I am not confident, I intend to avoid oxalates.
Lichen is a very good idea. I believe it is primarily fungus, but may be processed differently by the isopods than other types. It will be difficult to collect around here since we primarily only see it in the higher-altitude regions. I may be able to order some online. I like it as an idea because it could operate as food, shelter, and decoration for a display enclosure.
I also have access to a couple of types of algae. While terrestrial isopods usually won't be working with much algae or aquatic biofilm (as far as I know), I wonder if those would be good food sources since they are utilized by asellus aquaticus and other aquatic detritivores (see. Feeding and growth of Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) on food items from the littoral of Windermere, including green leaves of Elodea canadensis).
I have a little background in statistics from my undergraduate studies, but no formal biology training. Every time I search a new subject I am surprised at the depth and specificity of research that has already been conducted in the field. Unfortunately most of it is hidden in journals that the public usually doesn't look at.
________________________________________
The isopods arrived yesterday. A nice mix of larger juveniles. A few DOA due to failed molts in transit. I separated out those displaying different morphology (brown body or yellow spotted). There are about 30 left of the wild type. One thing I neglected to research was alternatives to traditional substrate. For ease of counting and eliminating nutrition from the substrate, I hope to use damp paper towel or similar. Going to be a busy couple of days but I am hoping to initiate the first choice chamber tests on Sunday.
__________________________________________
Test 1
I set up the first test last Friday evening. I decided to test a few fish foods to start. Hikari Crab Cuisine, Hikari Micro Pellets, Tetra River Shrimp, and PE Pellets. This is an initial test to start fine tuning the setup and learning some initial hypotheses to test in more detail later.
For "substrate" I used four layers of paper towel, lightly sprayed so that each layer was damp, but not wet. I sprayed all four compartments at once with the bottle held about 18" from the container to reduce chances of uneven moisture. I placed 7 isopods in each compartment to start (except one that had six due to a counting error), along with a small portion of each food in the center of each compartment. Then I placed identically-cut portions of egg crate in each section as a hide so the isopods would be more willing to eat. Then I put the lid on and put it on the shelf.
After about 24 hours, the Crab Cuisine (A) had 11 individuals, the Tetra River Shrimp (B) had 14 individuals, the PE Pellets (C) had 1 individual, and the Micro Pellets (D) had 1 individual.
After these results I suspected that the shelf they were on was causing the results to be skewed. A and B were in the back and presumably receive less light. Isopods are light-averse, so you would expect them to gather in an area with lower light if all else is equal. I turned the box 180 degrees to see if it had an impact.
After about 36 hours, the Crab Cuisine (A) had 4 individuals, the Tetra River Shrimp (B) had 10 individuals, the PE Pellets (C) had 9 individuals, and the Micro Pellets (D) had 3 individuals.
At 36 hours I noticed that all three varieties of processed food were molding. I inspected each food to see what had actually been eaten. It appears they ate some of the shrimp's head, and a little bit of the Crab Cuisine. I didn't notice any real change with the other two. I removed the isopods and cleaned out the enclosure by changing the top towel. Due to the results likely being skewed by light, I will not be running a statistical test for this one, but you can see the trends.
This gave me a few hypotheses and observations:
I am adding additional controls for test 2 to allow more reliable results. I now am keeping the container in a large drawer that receives no light. With all specimens in darkness, differences in light do not exist. I do not believe this is cruel since isopods have only rudimentary eyes and typically choose to be in low-light environments when given the chance. They will still get light during observation periods when I count them. I also added small magnets to each corner to pin the paper towel down so isopods couldn't dig. I added one more isopod to make the numbers even. Now there are 28.
This time I am testing Tetra RiverShrimp, Aqua Culture Freeze Dried Mealworms, Aquatic Foods California Blackworm Co Freeze Dried Bloodworms and Aqueon Shrimp Pellets.
I hope that these foods will not mold as quickly. I also used smaller portions. Bloodworms have chitin in their headplates and spine, and otherwise have a soft outer that I believe is primarily protein. Mealwoms also have chitin. I am hopeful that the shrimp pellets underperform the other types of food, because it would imply that the isopods are seeking chitin sources, which is much lower in the shrimp pellets. I expect that the dried shrimp will perform best, and I will pay attention to the part of the shrimp that is consumed. It would be interesting if the head is consumed first again, implying that there are some other nutrients in the head that the isopods seek.
The test was setup around noon today, so the first observation period will be about 32 hours after. Ideally I would keep these periods consistent, but I have to work around work and other responsibilities. I do not believe that there would be any difference at longer time intervals, but will keep reading to obtain more data points.
______________________________________________
I have recently decided to start an isopod breeding project. While I quite enjoy keeping mantises, I am not terribly interested in their breeding. Other invertebrates are much easier to breed since they are kept as a culture rather than individuals. Species that breed and live more quickly and have higher brood sizes are easier to conduct breeding projects on. Isopods are great because many types are polymorphic, most are easy to breed, and they take minimal maintenance. I am particularly fond of armadillidium vulgare since they are widespread, critical to many ecosystems, reasonably large, and can volvate (roll into a ball). My breeding project will seek to isolate a morph of A. vulgare starting with wild specimens from the Colorado front range. I am going to choose the morph based on what I can find locally.
Prior to starting the breeding project I am interested to run some tests to determine the preferred conditions for A. vulgare. Those tests are what this thread is about.
Special thanks to Orin McMonigle for writing the wonderful Isopods in Captivity book, and to other scholars like Isabel Caseiro, J.P. Sousa, and S. Santos (Optimization of Culture Conditions of Porcellio dilatatus for Laboratory Test Development, 1999) who have worked on studies that I have reviewed to help me figure out what I want to do. I will do my best to cite where possible. I intend for this to be a pseudo-scientific test; not up to true scientific standards, but following basic requirements like controlling other variables and ensuring the results are statistically significant. I understand there may be a significant difference between the conditions A. vulgare prefer, and the conditions under which they breed best/fastest, but I will only be testing for preference here. I will seek to conduct the test in an ethical fashion by not testing conditions that are known to damage isopods.
Anyone with knowledge, corrections, links to existing studies, or suggestions, please chime in.
To conduct the study I will be using a choice chamber. Choice chamber experiments are generally conducted by placing specimens into a container with multiple chambers. Each chamber has different conditions. After a period of time, the specimens are counted in each chamber, and a chi-squared analysis is conducted to determine whether the results are statistically significant. For instance, if you place 10 specimens in a two-chamber choice chamber apparatus and each chamber has 5 specimens after a period of time, that would not be statistically significant because we would expect such a result by chance. If you found 10 in one side and 0 in the other, that would be statistically significant. If the results are statistically significant, the isopods prefer the condition where more of them appear. If not, they don't have a strong preference either way. The bigger the sample, the more granular and accurate the results will be.
To conduct the test I have designed a modular choice chamber. It is a 10x10x2.5" box ismade of white opaque acrylic. The modular dividers allow the box to be divided into 2 connected chambers, 4 connected chambers, or two pair of connected chambers. When I transition the project to breeding, The dividers can separate the box into non-connected chambers as well by inverting them. The lid is made from clear acrylic with narrow vents cut into the lid to allow some ventilation without excessive moisture loss (and hopefully no gnats). Each corner of the lid is labeled with a laser-engraved letter to allow me to easily keep track of each over time. Here are photos of the apparatus:
The variable I am interested most in testing is food.
I plan to test dried shrimp, Hikari crab cuisine, Shrimp King Complete, Shrimp King Yummy Gum, Snowflake (a common shrimp food made from soybean shells), dried leaves, dried mealworms, cofee grounds, a molt from a mantis, roach frass, mushrooms, potato, carrot, and other veggies.
Next step is to obtain the specimens.
___________________________________________
(In response to a question by Orin McMonigle regarding whether I would use cooked or fresh veggies, and whether I have considered lichen)
I was intending to use blanched vegetables for things that spoil more easily and raw for root vegetables. Blanching is nice for a few reasons. First, it allows things like zucchini to last longer so that spoiling and nutrient loss is held off for a while longer in the enclosure. Second, while blanching removes some nutrition value it also helps stored vegetables to keep their nutrients longer, which is important for convenience since a whole zucchini can be cut, blanched, dried, and refrigerated or frozen for storage. Third, it allows those vegetables to sink in water. This is important for feeding aquatic snails and shrimp, which we also keep.
I also was planning to avoid vegetables like spinach that are known to bind calcium with oxalates. Calcium is important for most inverts and I do not want to bind calcium and potentially cause failed molts. I have read some on how isopods are unique in their storage and utilization of calcium in highly soluble stores, but I must admit those journal articles are mostly over my head. (see. Microscopical and functional aspects of calcium-transport and deposition in terrestrial isopods). This method of calcium storage may prevent binding from oxalates but since I am not confident, I intend to avoid oxalates.
Lichen is a very good idea. I believe it is primarily fungus, but may be processed differently by the isopods than other types. It will be difficult to collect around here since we primarily only see it in the higher-altitude regions. I may be able to order some online. I like it as an idea because it could operate as food, shelter, and decoration for a display enclosure.
I also have access to a couple of types of algae. While terrestrial isopods usually won't be working with much algae or aquatic biofilm (as far as I know), I wonder if those would be good food sources since they are utilized by asellus aquaticus and other aquatic detritivores (see. Feeding and growth of Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) on food items from the littoral of Windermere, including green leaves of Elodea canadensis).
I have a little background in statistics from my undergraduate studies, but no formal biology training. Every time I search a new subject I am surprised at the depth and specificity of research that has already been conducted in the field. Unfortunately most of it is hidden in journals that the public usually doesn't look at.
________________________________________
The isopods arrived yesterday. A nice mix of larger juveniles. A few DOA due to failed molts in transit. I separated out those displaying different morphology (brown body or yellow spotted). There are about 30 left of the wild type. One thing I neglected to research was alternatives to traditional substrate. For ease of counting and eliminating nutrition from the substrate, I hope to use damp paper towel or similar. Going to be a busy couple of days but I am hoping to initiate the first choice chamber tests on Sunday.
__________________________________________
Test 1
I set up the first test last Friday evening. I decided to test a few fish foods to start. Hikari Crab Cuisine, Hikari Micro Pellets, Tetra River Shrimp, and PE Pellets. This is an initial test to start fine tuning the setup and learning some initial hypotheses to test in more detail later.
For "substrate" I used four layers of paper towel, lightly sprayed so that each layer was damp, but not wet. I sprayed all four compartments at once with the bottle held about 18" from the container to reduce chances of uneven moisture. I placed 7 isopods in each compartment to start (except one that had six due to a counting error), along with a small portion of each food in the center of each compartment. Then I placed identically-cut portions of egg crate in each section as a hide so the isopods would be more willing to eat. Then I put the lid on and put it on the shelf.
After about 24 hours, the Crab Cuisine (A) had 11 individuals, the Tetra River Shrimp (B) had 14 individuals, the PE Pellets (C) had 1 individual, and the Micro Pellets (D) had 1 individual.
After these results I suspected that the shelf they were on was causing the results to be skewed. A and B were in the back and presumably receive less light. Isopods are light-averse, so you would expect them to gather in an area with lower light if all else is equal. I turned the box 180 degrees to see if it had an impact.
After about 36 hours, the Crab Cuisine (A) had 4 individuals, the Tetra River Shrimp (B) had 10 individuals, the PE Pellets (C) had 9 individuals, and the Micro Pellets (D) had 3 individuals.
At 36 hours I noticed that all three varieties of processed food were molding. I inspected each food to see what had actually been eaten. It appears they ate some of the shrimp's head, and a little bit of the Crab Cuisine. I didn't notice any real change with the other two. I removed the isopods and cleaned out the enclosure by changing the top towel. Due to the results likely being skewed by light, I will not be running a statistical test for this one, but you can see the trends.
This gave me a few hypotheses and observations:
- Isopods generally care more about moisture and light than available food. This will make the tests difficult because if these factors aren't kept constant with hides, light, and moisture, the results regarding food could be considerably skewed.
- Isopods appreciate a source of chitin. Chitin is what the exoskeleton is made of. You will notice that your isopods eat their own molt to obtain the chitin to make a new exoskeleton. The dried shrimp likely had the highest percentage of chitin of the foods offered, and has not been cooked or processed, which may break down some components. Chitin is also important to invertebrate immune systems (see p71 here). It does not appear that the high protein content (60%) was the primary driving force for this preference since the PE Pellets had 42% protein and the Micropellets had 43%, and both didn't test great.
- Isopods need a course of calcium. Their natural diet of decaying leaves contains calcium. Calcium content of many trees can be found in this report. The Crab Cuisine was the only food with appreciable calcium content (still less than leaves). This likely contributed to the success of the Crab Cuisine prior to molding.
- The boost of chitin or some other factor may have jump-started a molting response. We know that diet impacts the molting frequency of isopods, so this is possible. See, Drobne, Damjana & Strus, Jasna. (1996). Moult frequency of the isopod Porcellio scaber, as a measure of zinc‐contaminated food. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 15. 126 - 130. 10.1002/etc.5620150209. At the end of 36 hours about 1/5 of the population had a half color change, which is characteristic of the beginning of isopod biphasic molting.
- Orin McMonigle recommends "brown, old leaves that have been on the ground at least a few months" as the primary food for isopods in "Isopods in Captivity" p. 29. I think this is a good and well-supported recommendation since it is their natural diet. That said, I believe that we may be able to make a colony more productive if isopods have more access to the nutrients they need through supplemental food. I plan to keep a close eye on the content of food offered and compare it with hardwood leaf nutrition to see if we can find any correlation.
- Regardless of nutrition, the ability to resist mold is a valuable trait in isopod food since they will be left in a mold-prone environment. The shrimp showed no mold, and no sign of degradation at all, though its texture became somewhat softer from being partially rehydrated. This leads me to want to test other dried natural foods like mealworms and bloodworms. My small p. dilitatus culture (7 adult, 50-100 young juveniles) devoured an entire shrimp in three days, in which time the shrimp didn't even begin to mold.
- Results may be overstated due to the pheromone communication used by isopods. When one finds conditions it likes, it will signal to others. This might lead to increased grouping even when two foods are largely identical, and may make differences seem greater than they actually are. Unfortunately this can only be reduced by isolating isopods and running tests with separate choice chamber setups for each individual.
- Make sure to start with a number of isopods equal to the possible choices. I should have used 28 instead of 27, but messed up counting. This is just to keep as many controls as possible, but the isopods move so much over 24 hours that I do not believe initial position has any effect on the final distribution.
- Use much less food, and try to keep the food a little more dry. Where possible, foods that don't mold easily should be used.
- Pin down the corners of paper towel. The isopods try to dig into the corners to get in-between the layers. That isn't a major problem for their health, but effectively takes them out of the test.
I am adding additional controls for test 2 to allow more reliable results. I now am keeping the container in a large drawer that receives no light. With all specimens in darkness, differences in light do not exist. I do not believe this is cruel since isopods have only rudimentary eyes and typically choose to be in low-light environments when given the chance. They will still get light during observation periods when I count them. I also added small magnets to each corner to pin the paper towel down so isopods couldn't dig. I added one more isopod to make the numbers even. Now there are 28.
This time I am testing Tetra RiverShrimp, Aqua Culture Freeze Dried Mealworms, Aquatic Foods California Blackworm Co Freeze Dried Bloodworms and Aqueon Shrimp Pellets.
I hope that these foods will not mold as quickly. I also used smaller portions. Bloodworms have chitin in their headplates and spine, and otherwise have a soft outer that I believe is primarily protein. Mealwoms also have chitin. I am hopeful that the shrimp pellets underperform the other types of food, because it would imply that the isopods are seeking chitin sources, which is much lower in the shrimp pellets. I expect that the dried shrimp will perform best, and I will pay attention to the part of the shrimp that is consumed. It would be interesting if the head is consumed first again, implying that there are some other nutrients in the head that the isopods seek.
The test was setup around noon today, so the first observation period will be about 32 hours after. Ideally I would keep these periods consistent, but I have to work around work and other responsibilities. I do not believe that there would be any difference at longer time intervals, but will keep reading to obtain more data points.